Laboratory-scale and pilot-scale stabilization and solidification (S/S) remediation of soil contaminated with per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs)

Abstract Remediation of soil contaminated with per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) is critical due to the high persistence mobility these compounds. In this study, stabilization solidification (S/S) treatment was evaluated at pilot-scale using 6 tons PFAS-containing aqueous film-forming foam. At pilot-scale, long-term PFAS removal over years precipitation (simulated irrigation) in leachate from non-treated reference S/S-treated 15 % binder 0.2 GAC compared. rate leachate, corresponding reduction leaching potential after years, >97 for four dominant PFASs (perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA), perfluorooctanoic (PFOA), perfluorohexanesulfonic (PFHxS) perfluorooctanesulfonic (PFOS)), but low (3%) short-chain perfluoropentanoic (PFPeA). During experiment, sorption strength (i.e., soil-water partitioning coefficient (Kd)) increased 2- 40-fold both soil, much higher levels than laboratory-scale tests. However, behavior tests generally well-correlated (p